Autism is a complex and diverse neurological condition that influences how people perceive the world and interact with others. Its full title is autism spectrum disorder (ASD) because it includes a wide range of characteristics, abilities, and challenges. While some people on the spectrum may need significant support, others lead independent lives with minimal assistance. Autism is not a disease or something that needs to be cured – it is a different way of experiencing and interacting with the world.

Understanding Autism as a Spectrum

The term “spectrum” in ASD highlights the variety of traits and experiences that autistic individuals may have. No two autistic people are exactly the same, even if we share certain characteristics. Some people may have strong verbal communication skills, while others may be nonverbal or have difficulty processing spoken language. Some may have exceptional memory or hyperfocus on specific interests, while others may struggle with executive function skills like organisation and time management.

The spectrum also includes a range of sensory sensitivities. Some autistic individuals are highly sensitive to sounds, lights, textures, or other environmental factors, while others may seek out certain sensory experiences. For example, one person might feel overwhelmed by bright lights and loud noises in a shopping centre, while another may find comfort in repetitive movements like rocking or spinning.

Common Traits of Autism

Although autism presents differently in every person, some common characteristics include:

1. Differences in Social Communication

Autistic individuals may find social interactions challenging in various ways. They might struggle with understanding social cues, body language, or tone of voice. Some prefer direct, literal communication rather than implied meanings or sarcasm. Others may avoid eye contact or have difficulty initiating and maintaining conversations.

2. Repetitive Behaviours and Routines

Many autistic individuals engage in repetitive behaviors, also known as "stimming", which can include rocking, hand-flapping, or repeating words and phrases (echolalia). These behaviours often serve as a way to self-regulate emotions or sensory input.

In addition, routines and predictability can be very important for many autistics. Changes in schedules or unexpected events can cause distress.

3. Deep Interests and Unique Strengths

One of the most celebrated aspects of autism is the intense passion and focus many autistics have for specific subjects. These “special interests” can range from art, mathematics, and history to more niche topics like train schedules, astronomy, or video game mechanics. These deep interests can lead to incredible expertise and skills in a given area.

4. Sensory Sensitivities

Autistic individuals may have heightened or reduced sensitivity to sensory input, including sounds, textures, lights, and smells. Certain clothing materials might feel unbearable, or background noise in a crowded room may feel overwhelming. Conversely, some autistic individuals may seek out sensory stimulation, such as touching different textures or listening to specific sounds repeatedly.

5. Executive Function Challenges

Executive function skills help people plan, organise, and manage daily tasks. Some autistic individuals may find it difficult to initiate tasks, transition between activities, or keep track of responsibilities. This does not reflect a lack of intelligence or motivation – rather, it means that our brains process and prioritise information differently.

Autism is Not a Deficit – It’s a Difference

Historically, autism has been framed in terms of deficits or impairments, but this perspective is shifting. We now hear the term ASC (autism spectrum condition) instead of ASD (autism spectrum disorder). ASC is a more positive, less pathologising term.

Many autistic advocates emphasise neurodiversity, which recognises autism as a part of the natural variation of human thinking and cognition rather than a disorder that needs to be fixed. While some autistics may face challenges in certain environments, we also bring unique perspectives, talents, and strengths that contribute to society in meaningful ways.

For example, autistic individuals often excel in pattern recognition, analytical thinking, and creativity. Many great scientists, artists, and innovators throughout history are believed to have been autistic, demonstrating that neurodivergence can be an asset rather than a limitation.

Support and Acceptance Matter

The most important thing for autistics is understanding and support from their communities. Accepting autism means recognising that autistics have different needs and ways of processing the world, and our differences should be accommodated, not suppressed.

How Can You Support Autistic Individuals?

• Listen and Learn – Every autistic person is unique. Instead of assuming what we need, ask us directly (if we can communicate our needs) or pay attention to our preferences.
• Promote Inclusivity – Schools, workplaces, and public spaces should be designed with neurodivergent individuals in mind, offering sensory-friendly environments and clear communication styles.
• Encourage Strengths – Instead of focusing on challenges, recognise and nurture the strengths that autistics bring to the table.
• Respect Stimming and Routines – These are coping mechanisms that help regulate emotions and sensory input. Discouraging them can be harmful.
• Advocate for Accessibility – Whether it’s providing noise-cancelling headphones, using alternative communication methods, or allowing flexible work arrangements, small accommodations can make a big difference.

Autism is Part of Human Diversity

Autism is not something to be feared or fixed – it is simply a different way of experiencing the world. By fostering a culture of acceptance and understanding, we can create a society where autistics can thrive.

I'll leave you with one of my favourite quotes, from neurodiversity advocate Harvey Blume:

Neurodiversity may be every bit as crucial for the human race as biodiversity is for life in general. Who can say what form of wiring will be best at any given moment?

Links

The National Autistic Society provides lots of information and support. Find them here: NAS Website

I run a monthly support group for ADHD UK, with a focus on ADHD and Autistic (AuDHD) adults. Find out more here.

While there are so many books available on autism, here are a few of my favourites:

Autism in Heels, Jennifer Cook O'Toole: Buy it here
Odd Girl Out, Laura James: Buy it here
Un-Typical, Pete Wharmby: Read my blog about this book here and buy it here
Unmasking Autism, Dr Devon Price: Buy it here